Table of Contents
Updated in May 2023
Following the UK’s and Luxembourg’s lead on designing attractive investment schemes for closed-end collective private equity and venture capital investments, Estonia has implemented the Limited Partnership Fund (“LPF”) structure (similar to the Private Fund Limited Partnership or PFLP in the UK, and to Société en Commandite Spéciale or SCSp in Luxembourg).
This regime enables high net worth investors to easily set up a VC / private equity fund in Estonia and allows the partners to shape the relations between themselves in a flexible manner within the Limited Partnership Agreement (“LPA”).
The benefits
There are multiple benefits to establishing and running an Estonian LPF:
- no requirement to publish the identity of its limited partners (investors);
- no requirement to publish the amount of the investments made by each investor;
- considerably lower cost of establishment compared to the UK and Luxembourg;
- fast registration process – up to 5 working days for the LPF to be entered into the registry, up to 12 months if the General Partner needs to register or authorise its activities with the Estonian Financial Supervision Authority (“FSA”) and, where applicable acquire an authorisation from the Financial Intelligence Unit (“FIU”).
Establishing process in short
The registration process of the fund can be divided into three steps:
Step 1: Registering a General Partner in Estonia (or using a pre-existing legal entity).
Step 2: General Partner applies for a registration or an authorisation from the FSA as a fund management company.
Step 3: General Partner submits an application together with the statement by the FSA to the Estonian Commercial Register to establish the LPF.
Hedman attorneys will provide you with end-to-end services, including representation upon request (power of attorney).
Registering the fund General Partner
The General Partner can manage an LPF if it is an investment fund manager that has either:
- obtained an investment fund manager activity license from an EEA state;
- obtained an activity license of a fund manager from FSA, or;
- registered its activities with FSA and acquired an authorisation from the FIU.
In practice, most General Partners use the third option as it comes with the least supervisory obligations for the activities of the fund, including no requirements to the share capital, to the own funds of an GP and fewer reporting obligations. This option can be used if the General Partner only manages small funds. This means that the General Partner either:
(1) manages less than EUR 100M total assets (incl. leverages) through all funds, or
(2) the fund manages less than EUR 500M total assets if all managed funds are unleveraged and any investments made into any funds do not allow exits within 5 years as of the date of the investments made.
Legal obligations of the General Partner
The General Partners that are registered with the FSA are required to submit once a year to the FSA the data on its managed funds and the fund’s investment policies.
Taxation and liabilities
All LPF-s registered in Estonia are tax transparent. This means that the LPF is not a person liable for tax in Estonia. Any profit earned by the fund will be treated as the profit of the investors (i.e. the look-through principle).
The liabilities of the General Partner:
- unlimited liability for the obligations of the fund.
The liabilities of the Limited Partners:
- limited to the amount of the limited partner’s contribution to the LPF;
- limited if the limited partner refrains from participating in the day-to-day management of the fund (so-called “Safe Harbour” clauses).
Flexibility of the Limited Partnership Agreement (“LPA”) terms
The activities of the fund are governed by the LPA concluded between the General Partner and the limited partner(s).
There are a few mandatory rules for an LPF, such as:
- prohibition to publicly offer the LPF’s units;
- restrictions on restructuring, and;
- limitation for the funds to only manage their own assets.
The majority of the governance-related matters (investment policies, contributions, distribution of profits, performance fee and management fee structure, termination of the partnership) are left up to the partners to agree upon in the LPA.
Taxation on corporations
The Estonian liberal and transparent tax system have been attracting investments and benefitting investors for almost 20 years.
The most relevant facts to an investor:
- Corporate income tax on capital gains, retained and reinvested profits of Estonian registered companies (“EstCo”): 0%;
- Tax on distributing profits from an EstCo to an Estonian tax resident: 20/80 (i.e. net sum x 1,25)* paid by EstCo-;
- Taxation in Estonia on distributing profits from an EstCo to a UK tax resident (for example dividends paid as a result of an Asset Sale in EstCo): 20/80 (i.e. net sum x 1,25)* paid by EstCo.;
- Taxation in Estonia on sale of shares in an EstCo belonging to a UK tax resident (i.e. Share Sale type of an exit): 0% taxable in Estonia, excluding real estate related transactions;
- VAT: 20%.
* In certain cases, 14/86 applies to dividends; in case of liquidation proceedings income tax applies to sums exceeding the amounts paid into owners’ equity.
Summary
The Estonian LPF structure combines the best elements of the VC fund framework in popular jurisdictions to enable investors and fund managers alike to set up and manage private equity funds at a low cost.
In addition, everyone involved can benefit from the Estonian digital infrastructure (also known as the e-Estonia), tax transparency, and the maximum flexibility on the LPA terms.
Hedman Law Firm, an experienced partner
We at Hedman Law Firm are dedicated to helping investment professionals enter the Estonian market and invest in Estonian start-up companies every step of the way.
Interesting facts about the investments in Estonia according to available public data:
- The annual aggregate turnover of Estonian start-ups grew to €2.1 billion, which is 49 percent more than in the first quarter of 2021;
- For the ninth year in a row, Estonia has the best tax code in the OECD, according to the Tax Competitiveness Index 2022;
- Estonian startups signed 22 funding deals for €906,6 million in Q1 of 2022 (compared to €194 million at the end of Q1 2021). The average deal size was €41,2 million per deal, and 16 startups raised investments of more than €1 million.
To request a consultation, please contact us:
Merlin Seeman
Managing Partner at Hedman
merlin.seeman@hedman.legal
